Hell..exothermic??? or.. endothermic???

I found this interesting story on http://www.pinetree.net/humor/thermodynamics.html. Thought to share with you all.


Dr. Schambaugh, of the University of Oklahoma School of Chemical Engineering, Final Exam question for May of 1997. Dr. Schambaugh is known for asking questions such as, "why do airplanes fly?" on his final exams. His one and only final exam question in May 1997 for his Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer II class was: "Is hell exothermic or endothermic? Support your answer with proof."
Most of the students wrote proofs of their beliefs using Boyle's Law or some variant. One student, however, wrote the following:

"First, We postulate that if souls exist, then they must have some mass. If they do, then a mole of souls can also have a mass. So, at what rate are souls moving into hell and at what rate are souls leaving? I think we can safely assume that once a soul gets to hell, it will not leave.
Therefore, no souls are leaving. As for souls entering hell, let's look at the different religions that exist in the world today. Some of these religions state that if you are not a member of their religion, then you will go to hell. Since there are more than one of these religions and people do not belong to more than one religion, we can project that all people and souls go to hell. With birth and death rates as they are, we can expect the number of souls in hell to increase exponentially.
Now, we look at the rate of change in volume in hell. Boyle's Law states that in order for the temperature and pressure in hell to stay the same, the ratio of the mass of souls and volume needs to stay constant. Two options exist:

1. If hell is expanding at a slower rate than the rate at which souls enter hell, then the temperature and pressure in hell will increase until all hell breaks loose.
2. If hell is expanding at a rate faster than the increase of souls in hell, then the temperature and pressure will drop until hell freezes over.

So which is it? If we accept the quote given to me by Theresa Manyan during Freshman year, "that it will be a cold night in hell before I sleep with you" and take into account the fact that I still have NOT succeeded in having sexual relations with her, then Option 2 cannot be true...Thus, hell is exothermic."

The student, Tim Graham, got the only A


hmmm..what do you think?

Insects - External morphology

Basic external features of an insect

The body of an insect is mainly divided into three parts

• Head
• Thorax
• Abdomen

Head contains Antennae, Compound eyes and the mouth parts. Thorax comprises three segments. Usually the thorax bears the legs and the wings.  

Abdomen is consist of 7-11 segments with appendages.

Parts of a leg

Mouthparts

Mouthparts are adapted for feeding. Mainly there are two types.

• Chewing and biting mouthparts
• Sucking mouthparts

Chewing and biting mouthparts of cockroach

Siphoning mouthparts of butterfly

piercing and sucking mouthparts of mosquito

Sponging mouthparts of Housefly

Lapping mouthparts of honeybee

                   

Antennae

Different kind of insects

Silverfish

Head louse

Thrips

Flea

Damselfly

Dragonfly

To know about how to make a bug collection visit http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/citybugs/studentcorner/MakeABugCollection/MakeABugCollection.htm

Tests for Phenols - Discussion

Phenol

Catechol

Resorcinol

2-napthol

Solubility

Some phenols (Ex: Phenol,catechol,resorcinol) are soluble in water and others are sparingly soluble or insoluble in water because of the increasing molecular weight and hydrophobic nature. But all the phenols are capable of reacting with NaOH solution and dissolve.

C₆H₅OH + NaOH ----> C₆H₅ONa + H₂O

Reaction with Sodium carbonate

Phenols give no reaction with sodium carbonate but as the aqueous solution of it was used,phenols dissolved in it giving the same colourations given when testing the solubility in water.As Phenols do not produce gas from sodium carbonate it should be a very weak acid.

Benzoylation

To react with benzoyl chloride, phenol should be modified to make the reaction possible.the -COCl group is bounded directly to the benzene ring. Therefore it's less reactive.phenol is first dissolved in NaOH in order to get the phenoxide. Later it's reacted with the Benzoyl chloride.

Tests for Carboxylic acid - Discussion

Acetic acid

Benzoic acid

Salicylic acid

 Cinnamic acid

Solubility
Acetic acid is soluble in water but Benzoic acid,salicylic acid and cinnamic acid are insoluble due to their heavy molecular weight and increased hydrophobic nature. Carboxylic acids are acidic therefore they can dissolve in bases such as ethanol and sodium hydroxide forming the carboxylate ion/salt.


Reaction with Sodium carbonate
Reacts with sodium carbonate liberating carbon dioxide

Esterification
Acetic acid----> Medicinal or strong odour of apples
Benzoic acid----> Fruity odour
Salicylic acid----> Medicinal odour
Reaction with Ferric chloride
Higher acidity can interfere the final results. Therefore it's important to use neutral ferric chloride neutralized by sodium hydroxide.
FeCl₃ + C₆H₅COO^-   -------->     Fe ( OOC₆H₅)₃
FeCl₃ + CH₃COO^-   -------->     Fe ( OOCH₃)₃
Cinnamic acid with KMnO4
This will give out Benzaldehyde and acetic acid. Almond odour was given due to the formation of benzaldehyde.